1) Healthy kidneys receive 20% of the cardiac output and account for 10% of resting oxygen consumption.
2) Amphotericin B -causes direct tubular toxicity mediated by reactive oxygen species. Presents with polyuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and nongap metabolic acidosis.
3) The kidney is one of the most radiosensitive organs, and injury can result with as little as 4–5 Gy exposure
4) Renal Vein Thrombosis- present with flank pain, tenderness, hematuria, rapid decline in renal function, The most sensitive test is CT angiography, which is nearly 100% sensitive
5) Painful Bladder Syndrome-Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by pain from the urinary bladder, urinary urgency and frequency, and nocturia, in the absence of urinary infection or other obvious pathology. It is more common in women. 10% of patients with IC/PBS have a Hunner's ulcer. It can be associated with fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, vulvodynia, and migraine. These syndromes collectively are known as functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) (laboratory tests and histologic findings are normal. )